Roots and rhizomesTonifyingAdenophorae Radix

Nan Sha Shen (Fourleaf Ladybell Root)

A practical guide to Nan Sha Shen: what it is, how Traditional Chinese Medicine uses it, the classical formulas it appears in, and who should be careful with it.

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Last reviewed Oct 29, 2026

Quick Facts

Latin NameAdenophorae Radix
Chinese Name & Pinyin 南沙參 · Nan Sha Shen
Medicinal PartRoots and rhizomes
The itemNan Sha Shen is the dried root of Adenophora tetraphylla or Adenophora stricta. Bei Sha Shen is not this herb. It usually goes into decoctions and moistening teas.
Nature and channelsSweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold. Enters the Lung and Stomach. It nourishes yin, clears the lung, resolves phlegm, and boosts qi.
Pharmacopoeia lineNourishes yin and clears the lung, resolves phlegm and boosts qi. Used for lung-heat dry cough, yin-deficiency consumptive cough, dry cough with sticky phlegm, insufficiency of qi and yin, and restlessness-heat with dry mouth.
Pattern cuesDry cough with little phlegm. Dry throat and nose. Hoarse voice. Stomach dryness-heat. Dry mouth with much drinking.
In this articleNan Sha Shen versus Bei Sha Shen. Moistening dryness versus boosting qi. Why the dose stays small. Why spleen-stomach cold is a caution. Who should skip it.

What Is Nan Sha Shen?

Nan Sha Shen (南沙参; Nán Shā Shēn; Latin: Radix Adenophorae; English: southern adenophora root) in the current pharmacopoeia is the dried root of Adenophora tetraphylla or Adenophora stricta of the bellflower family, dug in autumn, with the rootlets removed, the outer skin scraped off while fresh, then sun-dried or oven-dried. Both the raw and honey-processed forms are used. It is sweet and slightly bitter, slightly cold, enters the Lung and Stomach channels, and its core actions are to nourish yin and clear the lung, and to resolve phlegm and boost qi. It usually goes into decoctions and gentle moistening teas. The usual amount is 10–15 g. It is simmered for about 15–20 minutes, with no special early or late adding. It is also steeped as a tea or cooked into porridge in smaller servings.

It is not Bei Sha Shen. Both are slightly cold and sweet-bitter, but Bei Sha Shen has a firmer root and leans more on clearing and draining dryness-heat, while Nan Sha Shen is lighter, sweeter, and also boosts qi and resolves phlegm. Spleen-stomach deficiency-cold with loose stools is a poor match. Phlegm-damp cough with sticky, copious phlegm is also a poor match. Use caution in pregnancy and during breastfeeding.

It is used most often for three patterns:

  • Dry cough with little phlegm, dry throat and nose, hoarse voice
  • Stomach dryness-heat, dry mouth with much drinking, poor appetite
  • Lingering cough after illness, with slight shortness of breath and fatigue

Sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly cold, it is not a daily “moistening ginseng” to keep increasing. In a cold spleen and stomach, with no dryness-heat, it loosens the stools and adds dampness.

When seasonal dryness or a lingering cough wears down lung and stomach fluids, dry cough, dry throat, and a hot, empty stomach are common. Nan Sha Shen is sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly cold. It moistens, generates fluids, and gently lifts qi, which is why it appears in Sha Shen Mai Dong Tang (Sha Shen-Ophiopogon Decoction)–type formulas for lung-stomach dryness, and supports Yi Wei Tang (Stomach-Benefiting Decoction)–type formulas for stomach yin. It moistens more than it holds. A cold, loose stomach with no dryness gets worse if more is added.

Nan Sha Shen is not a catch-all daily moistening root. In spleen-stomach deficiency-cold with loose stools, or in phlegm-damp cough, using it alone is a poor match. Raw or honey-processed, and whether it belongs in a formula, should be decided by a licensed Chinese medicine practitioner after pattern diagnosis.

Nan Sha Shen

Nan Sha Shen: Materia Medica Profile

Identification & Quality Standard

Adenophorae Radix

Botanical Origin

The dried root of Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch.(Campanulaceae)

Production Regions

Primarily produced in the Chinese provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guizhou.

Quality Requirements

Superior medicinal material has long strip, thin skin, fat flesh, yellowish-white color.

Macroscopic Features

Root is cylindrical or conical, slightly curved, 7~27cm long, 0.8~3cm diameter. Externally yellowish-white or pale brownish-yellow, indented areas often remnants of rough skin; upper portion often has deep horizontal lines in intermittent rings; lower portion has longitudinal line and grooves. Apex has 1 or 2 rhizomes (necks). Light, brittle texture and easily broken, fractured surface is uneven, yellowish-white, often cracked. faint odor, slightly sweet taste.

Main Regions and Quality Identification

Traditional materia medica and industry experience value the Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang southern producing regions, though actual quality also depends on variety, harvest time, processing, and storage. In appearance, qualified Nan Sha Shen roots are cylindrical or conical and slightly curved, 7–27 cm long and 0.8–3 cm in diameter, with a yellow-white or pale-brownish-yellow surface, deeply sunken horizontal lines, a light, spongy texture, an uneven cross-section with fissures, a yellow-white color, a faint beany odor, and a slightly sweet taste. The raw product has a rougher surface; the honey-processed form carries a honey luster and is slightly softer. The common look-alike is Bei Sha Shen — which belongs to the Umbelliferae family, with thinner, longer roots and longitudinal lines, without Nan Sha Shen's horizontal lines or beany odor; note the difference when using.

Traditional Properties & Historical Lineage

Nature, Flavour & Channel Tropism

Sweet; Slightly coldLungStomach

1. Records in Classic Materia Medica

  • Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing: lists it as an upper-grade herb — "treats blood accumulation and fright qi, removes cold and heat, tonifies the middle, and benefits the lung qi."
  • Ming Yi Bie Lu: adds that it "treats stomach bi, heart-abdominal pain, stagnant-heat evil qi, headache, and heat evil among the skin; settles the five viscera and tonifies the middle."
  • Xin Xiu Ben Cao: notes it "treats heat evil in the skin and flesh, head wind, and lumbar-foot pain; frees and opens the five viscera, regulates the middle, and sends qi downward."
  • Ben Cao Gang Mu: clarifies that it "clears lung fire and treats chronic cough and lung atrophy."
  • De Pei Ben Cao: further states — "specially tonifies the lung yin and clears lung fire, treating chronic cough and lung atrophy; the action is much like Bei Sha Shen, but the clearing-tonifying force is slightly less, and it also benefits the stomach."
  • Zhong Hua Ben Cao: records — "nourishes the yin and clears the lung, resolves phlegm and boosts qi; mainly treats lung-heat dry cough, yin-deficiency consumptive cough, dry cough with sticky phlegm, insufficiency of qi and yin, and restlessness-heat with dry mouth."

2. How Views of Its Nature Changed

Different physicians saw it somewhat differently. Some stressed its tonifying action — holding that it tonifies the middle and boosts qi, suiting states of qi deficiency with fluid deficiency. Others leaned more toward its clearing side, emphasizing its clearing of lung-stomach deficiency heat — mostly for the cough and dry mouth of dryness-heat. Still others attended to its scope — holding that people with spleen-stomach cold and loose stools are not suited and should use it with caution. This difference makes Nan Sha Shen's application more targeted, avoids blind use, and reflects the pattern-based nature of Chinese medicine.

Nan Sha Shen

Core Efficacies & Traditional Applications

Traditional Functions

Nourishes yin and clears lung heat, benefits stomach fluids, resolves phlegm, and boosts qi.

1. First Direction: Clearing and Moistening the Lung Yin

  • Traditional action: clear and moisten the lung yin, easing the discomfort of lung dryness — a common herb for clearing and moistening the lung channel.
  • Typical signs: dry cough with little phlegm, dry throat and nose, and a hoarse voice from lung dryness or yin deficiency; or lingering cough after chronic coughing with the lung's fluids insufficient — these symptoms usually worsen in seasonal dryness and show no obvious chills, fever, or other exterior signs.
  • Usual combinations: often paired with lung-moistening herbs such as Mai Dong and Yu Zhu to strengthen the moistening effect; with a little sticky phlegm, a small amount of Chuan Bei Mu to help resolve phlegm; with mild qi deficiency, a small amount of Tai Zi Shen to also boost qi.
  • Who should not self-use: those with spleen-stomach cold and frequent loose stools — the slightly cold nature may worsen the deficiency-cold symptoms; also not suited to cough with obvious fever and chills (exterior signs) or cough with much yellow phlegm (excess heat).

2. Second Direction: Benefiting the Stomach Fluids

  • Traditional action: benefit the stomach fluids, easing the dryness-heat of stomach fluid deficiency.
  • Typical signs: after fatigue, staying up late, or eating spicy food — stomach dryness-heat, dry mouth with much drinking, poor appetite, a burning feeling in the stomach after meals, or a red tongue with little coating; these discomforts are mostly from fluid deficiency, without obvious stomach pain or vomiting.
  • Usual combinations: often paired with stomach-fluid-benefiting herbs such as Shi Hu and Yu Zhu to strengthen the stomach-moistening effect; with mild poor digestion, a small amount of Chao Mai Ya to help transport; with slight nausea, a small amount of Zhu Ru to ease the stomach discomfort.
  • Who should not self-use: those with spleen-stomach cold, frequent cold-pain of the stomach cavity, and loose stools; also not suited to obvious stomach pain or vomiting sour water (excess patterns).

3. Classic Pairing: Nan Sha Shen With Mai Dong

The common herb pair is Nan Sha Shen with Mai Dong. Mai Dong is sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly cold, mainly clearing and moistening the lung-stomach and clearing the heart to ease restlessness; Nan Sha Shen is sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly cold, mainly clearing and moistening the lung-stomach and boosting qi to resolve phlegm. Together they coordinate — strengthening the lung-stomach clearing and moistening while also boosting qi and generating fluids — suiting the mild discomforts of lung-stomach fluid deficiency: dry cough, dry mouth, and stomach dryness-heat. This pairing needs a doctor to adjust the dose to the specific pattern; do not combine herbs casually on your own.

Nan Sha Shen

Modern Research

Modern research offers useful context, but Traditional Chinese Medicine prescribes on whole-pattern diagnosis rather than isolated compounds.

1. Main Chemical Constituents

Detected constituents include triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, and polysaccharides — with the triterpenoid saponins being one of the main active constituents. In vitro experiments observed that some saponin constituents, at certain concentrations, have some inhibitory effect on some inflammation-related enzymes; animal experiments observed that the extract, at certain doses, has some easing effect on a dry-cough model in mice, prolonging the cough latency. No sufficient human clinical study has yet confirmed a direct clinical efficacy.

2. Current Research Directions

Current research focuses on the isolation of active constituents, in vitro anti-inflammatory observation, and exploration of fluid-supplementing actions in animals. Studies show that the polysaccharide constituents, in animal experiments, may help improve fluid metabolism in mice; experiments observed that some flavonoid constituents, in in vitro cell experiments, have some regulating tendency on the release of inflammatory factors. More human studies are still needed to verify the actual effect and effective dose of these constituents in people.

3. Limitations of Current Research

  • Lab results are not clinical efficacy — in vitro and animal results cannot be directly applied to humans.
  • Extracts and monomers are not the same as traditional decoction pieces — the high-concentration extracts used in experiments differ greatly from the slice dose used daily.
  • Doses and preparation methods vary between studies — limiting the comparability of experimental results.
  • A single component does not define the whole herb — Nan Sha Shen's action is the result of many components together; one component's effect cannot represent the whole herb's overall effect.

Nan Sha Shen

Comparing Similar Herbs

1. What They Share

Nan Sha Shen and Bei Sha Shen share three main points:

  • Both have clearing and moistening the lung-stomach as a main action — easing the discomfort of lung and stomach dryness.
  • Both are used for the traditional patterns of lung-stomach fluid deficiency — dry cough, dry mouth, and stomach dryness-heat.
  • Both need constitution and dose care — those with spleen-stomach cold should use them cautiously; do not exceed the dose.

2. The Key Differences: Nan Sha Shen vs. Bei Sha Shen

  • Nature and flavors: Nan Sha Shen is slightly cold with sweet, slightly bitter flavors; Bei Sha Shen is also slightly cold with sweet, slightly bitter flavors — the natures are similar. But Nan Sha Shen has a lighter, spongier texture with a more prominent sweetness and a slight qi-boosting quality; Bei Sha Shen has a firmer texture with a slightly heavier bitterness, leaning toward clearing-draining dryness-heat.
  • Focus: Nan Sha Shen is better at boosting qi and resolving phlegm — suiting post-chronic-cough fluid deficiency with mild qi deficiency; Bei Sha Shen is better at clearing-draining dryness-heat — suiting obvious dryness-heat with fluid deficiency but no obvious qi deficiency.
  • Qi tendency: Nan Sha Shen tonifies with some clearing — supplementing qi and yin while clearing dryness-heat, without causing qi stagnation; Bei Sha Shen clears with some moistening — focused on clearing dryness-heat to preserve the fluids, with a weaker effect on qi regulation.
  • Best fit: Nan Sha Shen suits dry cough with little phlegm, dry throat, and a hoarse voice together with mild fatigue and shortness of breath (qi-deficiency signs); Bei Sha Shen suits dry cough without phlegm, dry nose, and obvious dry mouth, without obvious fatigue or shortness of breath.
  • Not suitable: Nan Sha Shen is not for those with spleen-stomach cold and loose stools, nor for damp-phlegm cough (much sticky phlegm); Bei Sha Shen is likewise not for those with spleen-stomach cold, but is even more unsuited to heavy damp-phlegm states, because its clearing-moistening force may worsen the damp-phlegm.
  • Use scenes: Nan Sha Shen often appears in clear-moistening formulas that also boost qi — such as small post-chronic-cough regulating formulas or daily clear-moistening wellness teas; Bei Sha Shen often appears in formulas focused on clearing dryness-heat — such as the regulation of cough or dry mouth with obvious dryness-heat.

3. One-Sentence Summary

Simply put, Nan Sha Shen leans toward clear-moistening with qi boosting — suiting lung-stomach dryness with mild qi deficiency; Bei Sha Shen leans toward clear-moistening with heat draining — suiting obvious dryness-heat without obvious qi deficiency. Both can be used for lung-stomach fluid deficiency regulation, but they are not interchangeable.

Nan Sha Shen

Classical Formulas Containing Nan Sha Shen

Formulas vs. Single Herbs

A formula is many herbs working together — through combination it forms an overall effect, while a single herb's action is relatively single. A single herb cannot simply replicate a full formula's effect, because the formula's combination works through mutual synergy and checks — a single herb cannot achieve that wholeness. The formula's doses and combinations are holistic — every herb's dose and pairing is designed; adjusting the dose or swapping herbs may change the overall effect. Don't build your own formula from online articles — web information lacks professional pattern guidance and may lead to improper combination, affecting the effect or even bringing discomfort. The common misunderstanding: that because a herb works inside a formula, taking it alone will work the same way — in fact, a formula's effect is the synergy of many herbs, and a single herb cannot reach that synergy.

Diet & Daily Home Use

1. Home Tea and Porridge

Tea — Nan Sha Shen Mai Dong Cha: raw Nan Sha Shen 5 g, Mai Dong 5 g, Yu Zhu 3 g. Wash the ingredients, steep in boiling water, cover 10–15 minutes, and drink; can be re-steeped 2–3 times. Suited to the dry throat, dry cough with little phlegm, and stomach dryness-heat of seasonal dryness and post-staying-up nights — a daily clear-moistening tea, 3–4 times a week. Not for those with spleen-stomach cold and frequent loose stools — to avoid worsening the deficiency-cold symptoms. Suggested: 3–4 times a week, one cup per steep; not for long-term continuous drinking.

Porridge — Nan Sha Shen Yu Zhu Zhou: raw Nan Sha Shen 6 g, Yu Zhu 6 g, Da Mi 50 g. Wash the two herbs, wrap them in gauze, cook with the rice and water into porridge, remove the herbal bag when done, and a little Bing Tang may be added for flavor. Suited to the dry mouth, poor appetite, and stomach dryness-heat after fatigue — as an auxiliary at breakfast or dinner, 2–3 times a week. Not for those with heavy damp-phlegm and much sticky phlegm — to avoid worsening the damp-phlegm. Suggested: 2–3 times a week, one small bowl per serving; not for long-term continuous eating.

2. Decoction and Processing Differences

The raw and processed forms differ: the raw product has a stronger lung-stomach clearing-moistening action, suiting obvious dryness-heat; the honey-processed Mi Zhi Nan Sha Shen has a gentler clearing-moistening force, leaning more toward moistening the lung and stopping cough — suiting states with more coughing. At home, Nan Sha Shen needs no pre-boiling, late addition, or bagging — put it directly in the pot with the other herbs and decoct about 15–20 minutes. Different forms cannot be converted directly — the slice dose differs from the tea or food-therapy dose; do not casually equate the tea dose with the medicinal dose.

3. Dosage and Course

The common dose range in traditional prescriptions is 10–15 g; the food-therapy dose is usually 5–10 g — slightly smaller than the medicinal dose. Long-term continuous use is not advised: generally each use does not exceed 7 days, and it can be used again after a 3–5 day interval. Special groups — pregnant women, children, and the elderly — should consult a doctor or pharmacist before use; do not decide the dose and course on your own.

Nan Sha Shen

Contraindications & Safety Warnings

1. Who Should Avoid It

  • Spleen-stomach cold with frequent cold-pain of the stomach cavity and loose stools — the slightly cold nature may worsen the deficiency-cold symptoms.
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding — use with caution; there is no sufficient safety research yet; consult a doctor first.
  • Children and the elderly — the body functions are weaker; adjust the dose and do not self-use.
  • Liver or kidney impairment — use with caution; consult a doctor first to avoid adding burden to the liver and kidney.
  • Allergy to Campanulaceae (bellflower-family) plants — Nan Sha Shen belongs to this family; an allergic reaction may occur.
  • Those in special treatment — such as anticoagulant, blood-pressure, or blood-sugar treatment — consult a doctor first to avoid drug interactions.

2. Interactions and Diet Notes

There is no sufficient evidence that Nan Sha Shen clashes with ordinary foods in a general sense, but certain herbs can interact with specific drugs — anyone on medication should consult a doctor or pharmacist first. For example, Nan Sha Shen may have some interaction with anticoagulants, affecting the drug effect; with blood-pressure and blood-sugar medications, the dose may need adjustment — use under a doctor's guidance; with sedatives, it may strengthen the sedative effect — use with caution. Also, Nan Sha Shen should not be taken together with spicy or greasy foods, to avoid affecting the drug effect and worsening dryness-heat.

3. Adverse Reactions and Overdose Risk

At normal doses, Nan Sha Shen has few adverse reactions, but with overdose, stomach discomfort and loose stools may appear. If marked discomfort, allergy signs (rash, itching, breathing difficulty), persistent vomiting, altered consciousness, or rapidly worsening symptoms appear, stop at once and seek medical care — do not handle it on your own.

Frequently Asked Questions About Nan Sha Shen

What is Nan Sha Shen? Are Bei Sha Shen and Mai Dong the same?
Nan Sha Shen (南沙参) is the dried root of Adenophora tetraphylla or Adenophora stricta (Adenophorae Radix), a common Chinese herb centered on nourishing yin and clearing the Lung, benefiting the Stomach and generating fluids, transforming phlegm, and benefiting qi. Bei Sha Shen nourishes yin and clears the Lung, leaning to Lung heat. Mai Dong nourishes yin and generates fluids, leaning to Heart and Stomach. The three cannot be interchanged by equal weight. Write Nan Sha Shen. Use caution in Spleen-Stomach deficiency cold.
What is the composition and traditional use of Nan Sha Shen?
Pharmacopoeial name Nan Sha Shen, Latin Adenophora tetraphylla or Adenophora stricta. Sweet and slightly cold; enters the Lung and Stomach channels. It acts to nourish yin and clear the Lung, benefit the Stomach and generate fluids, transform phlegm, and benefit qi. It is used for Lung heat with dry cough, yin-deficiency taxation cough, dry cough with sticky phlegm, Stomach yin insufficiency with poor appetite and vomiting, and qi-yin insufficiency with vexing heat and dry mouth. Nourishes yin, clears the Lung and generates fluids.
How do you choose raw versus prepared? Can Bei Sha Shen replace it?
Sliced and used raw. Bei Sha Shen leans to clearing the Lung without specialized qi-benefiting; it cannot replace the formula by equal weight. Commercial products follow regulated processing; do not self-modify.
What is the usual dosage? Can it be drunk daily as a yin-nourishing tea?
Decocted, 9-15 g. Modern use requires a practitioner to name the dose. It is not a four-season “adenophora tea.” Spleen-Stomach deficiency cold only injures further. Yin deficiency needs a practitioner to name a short course; it does not replace assessment.
What are the contraindications? Can it be used in pregnancy?
Not suitable for Spleen-Stomach deficiency cold, Spleen deficiency with dampness, or slippery diarrhea. Pregnancy requires practitioner assessment. Stop if loose stool or abdominal distention appears. Worsening cough or vomiting need immediate medical care.
Can Nan Sha Shen nourish yin and clear the Lung, benefit the Stomach and generate fluids?
It can help Lung heat with dry cough, yin-deficiency taxation cough, dry cough with sticky phlegm, Stomach yin insufficiency with poor appetite and vomiting, and qi-yin insufficiency with vexing heat and dry mouth. It nourishes yin and clears the Lung, benefits the Stomach and generates fluids, transforms phlegm and benefits qi—not a specific for every dry cough or every dry mouth.
Can Nan Sha Shen be drunk daily as a yin-nourishing or fluid-generating tea?
Yin deficiency may enter a short formula; Spleen-Stomach deficiency cold only injures further. “Adenophora must nourish yin” does not replace assessment. Nourishing yin and clearing the Lung, benefiting the Stomach and generating fluids should be named by a practitioner with form and dose.
How do you choose among Nan Sha Shen, Bei Sha Shen, Mai Dong, Yu Zhu and Xi Yang Shen?
Nan Sha Shen nourishes yin and clears the Lung while benefiting the Stomach and generating fluids, transforming phlegm and benefiting qi, leaning to Lung heat with dry cough. Bei Sha Shen nourishes yin and clears the Lung, leaning to Lung heat. Mai Dong nourishes yin and generates fluids, leaning to Heart and Stomach. Yu Zhu nourishes yin and moistens dryness, leaning to Lung and Stomach. Xi Yang Shen tonifies qi and nourishes yin, leaning to qi and yin. Nourishing yin and clearing the Lung favor Nan Sha Shen; clearing the Lung favors Bei Sha Shen; generating fluids favors Mai Dong; moistening dryness favors Yu Zhu; qi and yin favor Xi Yang Shen. They may be referenced after pattern differentiation; Spleen-Stomach deficiency cold forbids large Nan Sha Shen.
How is Nan Sha Shen commonly modified? What is the representative use?
Depends on the pattern. Dry cough may add Mai Dong; dry mouth may add Yu Zhu. Write Nan Sha Shen; do not replace the qi-benefiting action with an equal weight of Bei Sha Shen.
How do you choose and store Nan Sha Shen?
Choose regulated Chinese medicinal materials with intact roots. Moldy, damp, or abnormal-smelling lots are discarded. Store cool and dry. Buy "Nan Sha Shen"; do not replace nourishing yin and clearing the Lung, benefiting the Stomach and generating fluids with an equal weight of Bei Sha Shen or Mai Dong.

Medical Disclaimer — This article is provided for educational purposes only and describes traditional Chinese medicine concepts. It is not medical advice, and it is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using any herb, particularly if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication or managing a diagnosed condition.

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Nan Sha Shen (Adenophora Root): Nourishes yin, clears the lung, and generates fluids