Fruits and seedsQi-regulatingFructus Aurantii Immaturus

Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange)

枳實 · Zhi Shi

Qi-regulating herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Traditional functions: Breaks qi, resolves accumulation, transforms phlegm, disperses focal distention.

In-Depth Guide

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Quick Facts

Latin NameFructus Aurantii Immaturus
Chinese Name & Pinyin枳實 · Zhi Shi
Medicinal PartFruits and seeds
Efficacy CategoryQi-regulating
Botanical OriginThe dried young fruit of Citrus aurantium L., and its cultivar Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.(Rutaceae).
Nature & FlavourBitter, Acrid, Sour; Warm
Channels EnteredSpleen, Stomach, Large Intestine

What Is Zhi Shi?

Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) is a medicinal herb of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Primarily produced in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi.

Nature & Flavour: Bitter, Acrid, Sour; Warm
Channels Entered: Spleen, Stomach, Large Intestine

Zhi Shi: Materia Medica Profile

Identification & Quality Standard

Fructus Aurantii Immaturus

Botanical Origin

The dried young fruit of Citrus aurantium L., and its cultivar Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.(Rutaceae).

Production Regions

Primarily produced in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi.

Quality Requirements

Superior medicinal material has greenish-black skin, thick and white flesh, little pulp, and a firm texture.

Macroscopic Features

Semi-spherical, occasionally spherical, 0.5~2.5cm diameter. Exocarp is black-green or dark brownish-green, with granular protuberances and wrinkles, with obvious remnants of style or fruit stem scars. Mesocarp on cut surface is slightly raised, yellowish-white or yellowish-brown, 0.3~1.2cm thick, edges have 1-2 rows of oil ducts, pulp is brown. Hard texture. Clear aromatic odor, bitter and slightly sour taste.

Traditional TCM Properties

Bitter, Acrid, Sour; WarmSpleenStomachLarge Intestine

Traditional Functions

Breaks qi, resolves accumulation, transforms phlegm, disperses focal distention. Apply to inner stagnation, fullness and distention and swelling pain, constipation, diarrhea and tenesmus, chest stasis, ptosis of the stomach; uterine prolapse; prolapse of the anus.

How Zhi Shi Is Used in TCM

In the Chinese materia medica, Zhi Shi is classified among the Qi-regulating herbs. It appears in 10 classical formulas in our library.

Formulas containing Zhi Shi are traditionally used for:

BloatingAbdominal PainDiarrheaIndigestionConstipationChest TightnessCold LimbsHypochondriac DistensionEmotional DepressionFeverAnxiety RestlessnessInsomnia

Classical Formulas Containing Zhi Shi

+6 more

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Zhi Shi? Are Zhi Qiao, Qing Pi and Hou Po the same?
Official Zhi Shi (枳实) is the dried young fruit of Citrus aurantium and its cultivars or Citrus sinensis. The pharmacopoeial name is Aurantii Fructus Immaturus. It is younger than Zhi Qiao and stronger at breaking qi. Zhi Qiao is the larger unripe fruit: regulates qi, expands the middle, moves stagnation and disperses distention—gentler. Qing Pi is unripe tangerine peel or young fruit: soothes the Liver and breaks qi. Hou Po is bitter-acrid-warm: dries damp, dissolves phlegm and downbears qi to eliminate fullness—a bark. Write Zhi Shi or bran-fried Zhi Shi. It is not kitchen green orange. Use caution in pregnancy.
What are the TCM properties and traditional uses of Zhi Shi?
According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Zhi Shi is bitter, acrid, sour and slightly cold, enters the Spleen and Stomach channels, and acts to break qi and reduce accumulation, transform phlegm and dissipate focal distention. It is used for accumulation lodged internally, focal distention and painful fullness, dysentery with tenesmus, blocked stool, phlegm stagnation obstructing qi, chest-bi, bound chest and visceral prolapse. Bitter-acrid and slightly cold, it suits excess accumulation and focal fullness—not Spleen-Stomach deficient cold without accumulation, or large doses in pregnancy.
How do you choose raw versus bran-fried Zhi Shi? How does it differ from Zhi Qiao?
Raw Zhi Shi breaks qi more fiercely; bran-fried Zhi Shi is milder and often used for gastrointestinal accumulation. Zhi Shi breaks qi, reduces accumulation, transforms phlegm and dissipates focal distention more fiercely—fullness, tenesmus, bound chest and blocked stool; Zhi Qiao is gentler—chest-flank expansion of the middle. Visceral prolapse needs qi-tonifying partners; do not break qi alone.
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Learn More About Zhi Shi

Explore our in-depth article covering the traditional uses, properties, functions, and TCM context of Zhi Shi.

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Medical Disclaimer — This article is provided for educational purposes only and describes traditional Chinese medicine concepts. It is not medical advice, and it is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using any herb, particularly if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication or managing a diagnosed condition.

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