Roots and rhizomesBlood-activatingRadix Achyranthis Bidentatae

Niu Xi (Achyranthes Root)

牛膝 · Niu Xi

Blood-activating herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Traditional functions: Supplements liver and kidney, strengthens sinew and bone, invigorates blood, frees channels, conducts the blood to move downward, promotes urination.

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Quick Facts

Latin NameRadix Achyranthis Bidentatae
Chinese Name & Pinyin牛膝 · Niu Xi
Medicinal PartRoots and rhizomes
Efficacy CategoryBlood-activating
Botanical OriginThe dried root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl.(Amaranthaceae)
Nature & FlavourBitter, Sour; Neutral
Channels EnteredLiver, Kidney

What Is Niu Xi?

Niu Xi (Achyranthes Root) is a medicinal herb of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Primarily produced in the Chinese provinces of Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi.

Nature & Flavour: Bitter, Sour; Neutral
Channels Entered: Liver, Kidney

Niu Xi: Materia Medica Profile

Identification & Quality Standard

Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae

Botanical Origin

The dried root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl.(Amaranthaceae)

Production Regions

Primarily produced in the Chinese provinces of Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi.

Quality Requirements

Superior medicinal material is long, thin skin, fat flesh, yellowish-white color.

Macroscopic Features

Thin and long cylindrical, some slightly curved, upper portion is slightly thick, lower portion is relatively thin, 15~50cm long, 0.4~1cm diameter. Externally grayish-yellow or pale brown, with thin longitudinal wrinkles, tiny horizontal lenticels and scattered thin root scars. Hard and brittle texture, easily broken, fractured surface is flat, yellowish-brown, slightly horn-like, center cambium has relatively large xylem, yellowish-white, surrounding numerous spotted vascular bundles, in 2~4 round arrangement. faint odor, slightly sweet and astringent.

Traditional TCM Properties

Bitter, Sour; NeutralLiverKidney

Traditional Functions

Supplements liver and kidney, strengthens sinew and bone, invigorates blood, frees channels, conducts the blood to move downward, promotes urination. Apply to sour pain of waist and knees, tired and soft of lower limbs, blood stasis and amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain after giving birth, aggregation-accumulation, retention of placenta after giving birth, heat strangury, blood strangury, injury of trauma, abscess swelling and sore, throat swelling and pain.

How Niu Xi Is Used in TCM

In the Chinese materia medica, Niu Xi is classified among the Blood-activating herbs. It appears in 15 classical formulas in our library.

Formulas containing Niu Xi are traditionally used for:

Dizziness & VertigoHeadacheConstipationHair LossLow Back PainJoint DiscomfortNumbness in LimbsDry Mouth & ThroatChest TightnessHypochondriac DistensionEmotional DepressionAnxiety Restlessness

Classical Formulas Containing Niu Xi

+8 more

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Niu Xi? Are Huai Niu Xi, Chuan Niu Xi, Tu Niu Xi and Jiu Niu Xi the same?
Pharmacopoeial “Niu Xi” (牛膝) is specifically the dried root of Achyranthes bidentata, commonly called Huai Niu Xi. The pharmacopoeial name is Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, mainly from Henan. Chuan Niu Xi is a separate monograph: the root of Cyathula officinalis (Cyathulae Radix), leaning to dispelling stasis, freeing the vessels and unblocking the joints. Tu Niu Xi is often wild Achyranthes or a near species, leaning to clear heat, resolve toxin and benefit the throat—not an equal stand-in for Huai Niu Xi. Jiu Niu Xi is wine-fried, stronger to supplement Liver and Kidney and strengthen sinew and bone. Write Huai Niu Xi, Chuan Niu Xi or Jiu Niu Xi; do not treat them as one article.
What are the TCM properties and traditional uses of Niu Xi?
According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Niu Xi is bitter, sweet, sour and neutral, enters the Liver and Kidney channels, and acts to dispel stasis and free the vessels, supplement Liver and Kidney, strengthen sinew and bone, promote urination and unblock strangury, and conduct Blood downward. It is used for amenorrhea and painful menstruation, lumbar-knee aching pain, weak sinew and bone, strangury and edema, headache and dizziness, toothache and mouth sores, hematemesis and epistaxis. Chuan Niu Xi is sweet, slightly bitter and neutral, leaning to dispelling stasis, freeing the joints and unblocking strangury. It naturally descends—suited to stasis in the lower jiao and Liver-Kidney insufficiency, not to sinking middle Qi, heavy menses or pregnancy.
How do you choose raw versus wine-fried, Huai versus Chuan Niu Xi?
Move Blood, free the vessels, conduct fire (Blood) downward and treat strangury with raw Niu Xi; lumbar-knee weakness that also needs supplementing with wine-fried Niu Xi. Huai Niu Xi is stronger to supplement Liver-Kidney and strengthen sinew and bone; Chuan Niu Xi is stronger to move Blood, free the joints and dispel stasis. Slices go in the pot; first- or late-decoction is not required.
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Learn More About Niu Xi

Explore our in-depth article covering the traditional uses, properties, functions, and TCM context of Niu Xi.

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Medical Disclaimer — This article is provided for educational purposes only and describes traditional Chinese medicine concepts. It is not medical advice, and it is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using any herb, particularly if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication or managing a diagnosed condition.

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